Absolutism+Study+Guide

Study Guide for Absolutism editing via the ipad has become a nightmare so I will copy and paste the best that I can.

We will post questions for the study guide in this section. Links to answers will posted below all the questions.

Questions Example: Page: 523 - 524, Seventeenth-Century Crisis and Rebuilding.

1. Historians often refer to the seventeenth century as ___.__

__2. What were the reasons for such turmoil and crisis in the seventeenth century?__

523-525 Questions How was the seventeenth century a period of crisis and transformation? Many people struggled to feed themselves and their families because of the agricultural and manufacturing slumps that occurred. The population in Western Europe fell and there was constant war due to religious and dynastic conflicts. What did the governments do to pay for the growing armies? New bureaucracies to collect taxes and to foster economic activity that would increase the state's revenue were created. What two basic patterns of government emerged in Europe between 1589 and 1715 and were they used? Almost all European governments were modeled on absolute monarchy or the constitutional state. Where did the vast majority of Western Europeans live? Most Europeans lived in the countryside in small peasant villages. Describe how life was for the wealthiest of the peasants. In each village a small amount of peasants owned enough land to feed themselves and the livestock and ploughs to work it heir land. They were the leaders of the village, they also employed the landless, rented out livestock and tools, and were agents of the noble lord. How was the diet of the peasants? The primary element of the poor and rich was bread, the rich got white bread and the poor received brown bread. Peasants had to pay high fees to be allowed to grind grain for flour and bake bread. Bread was accompanied by with soup made out of roots, herbs, beans, and sometimes pork. Why did rural society live on the edge of subsistence? If there was a bad harvest, an illness, or a drop in the prices could lead to debt and the loss of one's land. Peasants were always threatened by scarcity and famine because of the crude technology and low crop yield. The peasants feared death and starvation. What was the effect of the "little ice age"? The farming seasons were shorter and famine due to multiple bad harvests. The population decreased not mostly by starvation but from diseases brought on by malnutrition and exhaustion. What were the effects on industry? The output of woolen textiles, which was one of Europe's most important manufactures, declined sharply. Food prices and unemployment increased and wages stagnated. Find examples in which community needs predominated over competition and profited a moral society. When bread prices rose beyond the capacity to pay, peasants and the urban poor revolted and stole bread to resell it at a "just price." In the rural areas peasants attacked convoys taking grain to the cities and redistributed if for what they considered was a fair price. What were the main differences and commonalities among the absolutist and constitutional governments during the seventeenth century? Absolutist monarchs gathered all power under their personal control while the rulers in a constitutionally limited government had to respect laws passed by representative institutions. Both types of monarchs shared the common projects of protecting and expanding their frontiers, raising new taxes, and consolidating state control.

__ Questions (page 528-529)  __ __ 1. In 1673, on what products did Louis XIV impose new taxes? __ __ 2. Why was royal authority limited in its actions against rebellions? __ __ 3. Why were these limitations gone by the end of the seventeenth century? __ __ 4. What beliefs did kings of absolutist nations have? __ __ 5. Who was the author of Leviathan ? __ __ 6. What was he belief of Thomas Hobbes about human beings and the type of government required to govern them? __ __ 7. Who was Henry IV and in what state was France when he took the throne? __ __ 8. What is the paulette ? __ __ 9. Why d this fee not have positive long-term effects? __ __ 10. How did Henry IV increase revenues? __ __ 11. What was the Edict of Nantes and why was it created? __ __ 12. Who was Cardinal Richelieu and what were his goals? __ __ 13. Describe the intendants system  __ __ 14. What were the intendants meant to use their power for? __ __ 15. What did Louis XIII do to unite his people under one faith? __ __ 16. What is the importance of La Rochelle? __ __ Answers (page 528-529)  __ 1. Legal transactions, tobacco, and pewter  2. Sending troops to fire on the crowd would create martyrs which would only fuel the rebellion but sending full-scale militaries to occupy the city would be too expensive  3. Municipal governments were better integrated into the national structure and local authorities had military support so people who opposed the royal policies and taxes were swiftly and severely punished  4. They believed that they were chosen by God to rule and were responsible only to God alone so they denied any other group of authority to check their power. 5. Thomas Hobbes  6. Hobbes believed that humans were innately evil beings who are not capable of governing themselves, they require a force of power (king or dictator) which is in complete control over their lives in order to thrive  7. Henry IV is the grandfather of Louis XIV and France was in catastrophic conditions when he took the throne due to starvation and population decline. 8. The annual fee created by Henry IV that was applied to the royal officials, they had to pay the fee in order to guarantee their position to be handed down through their family  9. Once a family paid the Paulette, that office position stays in their family and the crown does not have the power to remove them. This is a negative effect in the long run because if the royal family no longer agrees with another family in office, as long as they have paid their fee they can continue to hold their office for as long as they wish. 10. Henry increased revenues through reviving trade for France, he improved the infrastructure of the country by repairing damaged made by the civil war and creating new roads and canals  11. Henry IV wished to heal religious divides and did so by issuing he Edict of Nantes which was a compromise between Catholics and Huguenots. It allowed the Protestants the right to practice their beliefs in 150 traditionally Protestant towns throughout France  12. Richelieu was the man appointed to the council on ministry sacred the death of Henry IV and soon after became the first minister of the French crown. His main goals were to decrease the power of groups and institutions that competed with the monarchy and curb the power of the nobles. 13. Cardinal Richelieu created the intendants system so strengthen royal control over the country. France was divided into thirty two districts, each of which had one intendant who was commissioned to do specific tasks, usually financial but also judicial and policing. They collected information from local communities for Paris and delivered orders from the capital to their districts. The intendants recruited men for the army, supervised collection is taxes, presided over the administration of local law, checked up on the nobility, and regulated economic activities (commerce, trade, marketplaces) in their district. 14. Inform the central government about their generalities, enforce royal orders, and undermine the influence of the nobility  15. Louis XIII revoked the Edict of Nantes which had been create by his father in order to unite the people under one faith. He believed that allowing Protestant worship created "a state within a state" and in 1627 he decided to end Protestant military and political independence. 16. La Rochelle was a large Protestant city which was the fourth largest of the French Atlantic port centers and a major commercial center. It was attacked by Louis XIII's military forces and fell in 1628, this weakened the influence of the Huguenots. Pg. 530-531   1. Who was Richelieu's successor? 2. What was the cause of the Fronde? 3. What were the results for the future from the conflicts of the Fronde? 4. During Louis XIV reign, __monarchy reached the peak of absolutist development.__ 5. Growing up, what did Louis XIV do to make an impact on his life to come? 6. Louis was taught the doctrine of the _ _: God had established rulers on Earth, and they were answerable ultimately to God alone. 7. Why did the nobility never have any means of united expression? 8. Louis XIV continued Richelieu's persecution of. 9. What occurred when Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes? 10. Why did Louis think that religion was so important to politics? Answers: 1. Richelieu's successor was Cardinal Jules Mazarin. 2. The cause of the Fronde was Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the costs of war with Spain. 3. The results for the future from the Fronde include the necessity for compromise between the king and the sword nobility, the killing off of the most vehement opponents of the Crown, and the desire for a strong monarch to re-impose order. 4. French  5. Louis received a great education, where he learned how to speak Italian and Spanish, write French, and gain an understanding in European geography. He also was very involved in his religious duties as a Catholic. 6. Divine Right of Kings  7. The nobility had no means of United expression and action because Louis never called a meeting of the Estates General. 8. Protestants  9. When Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes, Huguenot churches were destroyed, many schools were closed, Catholic baptism of Huguenots occurred, and many Huguenot pastors were exiled if they refused to renounce their faith. 10. Louis considered religion so important to political means because he viewed religion as essential to his royal dignity and security of state. He hated division within the realm, even though he was personally tolerant. 1. What did Louis XIV create by excluding nobles from the council, his personal hold on power and pursuit of religious unity? 2. How did Louis XIV seek to enhance his dynasty? 3. Louis XIV named _ to be his financial minister. 4. What is a collection of governmental policies for the regulation of economic activities? 5. Colbert insisted what about France's economy? 6. What are three ways that Colbert attempted to make France become self sufficient? 7. What territory was acquired under Louis XIVs rule, with the help of Colbert? 8. Who did most of the taxes fall on in France? Who was exempted from it? 9. What was Louis XIV involved in for 33 of his 34 years in office? What did he do to increase his chances of success in war? 10. What was Louis XIV's primary goal in war? 1. An absolute monarchy 2. Mostly throughout war 3. Jean-Baptiste Colbert 4. Mercantilism 5. It should be self-sufficient 6. Bring in foreign workers, creating new industries and setting high tariffs on foreign goods. 7. Parts of the mineral-rich Canada. 8. It fell on peasants and the poor. The nobility and clergy were exempt from it and in some cases even bourgeois-city dwellers. 9. He was involved in war for all but one year of his rule. He gave the army recruitment to his secretary of state's power, and it increased to 340,000 men at its peak. 10. To expand France to what he considered it's natural borders and to secure those lands from any threat of outside invasion. Pg. 534-535 Questions: 1. Who was Cluade Le Peletier and what did he create?2. What resulted in the death of about 1/10, 2 million, of France's population?3. What was the problem with the death of Charles II and his will?4. What countries formed the grand alliance against Louis XIV in 1701?5. What ended the war in 1713?6. What did the Peace of Utrecht impact internationally?7. What were servicios and who did they effect?8. What were the factors that lead to the decline of Spanish Absolutism?9. What did Spain have in contrast to countries of Western Europe? Answers: 1. Claude Le Peletier was colberts successor as minister of finance. He created new income taxes in 1695 and 1710 that no les and clergymen had to pay.2. A series of bad harvests between 1688-1694 that resulted in starvation. 3. He did not have a son as an heir and in his will he bequeathed the Spanish crown to Philip of Anjou, the grandson of Louis XIV. This violated a prior treaty that divided the Spanish possessions between the king of France and the Holy Roman Empires, it was decided by European powers. Louis broke the treaty and accepted the will.4. English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians5. Peace of Utrecht6. It set limits on the extent on which any power could expand. It declined Spain as a great power, expanded the British empire, it ended French expansion. It gave European powers experience with international cooperation. 7. A national tax that fell on the poor in Spain8. A religious inquisition to ensure Catholic orthodoxy, agricultural crisis, population decline, and economic problems like debt and inflation. Study Guide (537-538) 1.Agricultural production suffered, and peasants departed for _, where they swelled the ranks of unemployed beggars. D a.Small towns b.Large rural areas c.Small rural areas d.Large cities e.Other countries 2. left the management of his several kingdoms to Gaspar de Guzmán, countduke of Olivaries. B a.Charles II b.Phillip IV c.Phillip III d.John IV e.Louis XIV 3. Casper de Guzmán, count-duke of Olivares clung to the grandiose belief that the solution to Spain's difficulties was ___. C a.Continuing with the new practices b.Focusing on Phillip IV's beliefs c.A return to imperial tradition d.Going to war with Portugal e.Having a different king 4. In 1640, Portugal succeeded in regaining independence from the Habsburg rule under their new king,__. A a. John IV b. Phillip III c. Cardinal Richelieu d. Henry IV e. Louis XIV 5. The Treaty of of 1659, marked the decline of Spain as a great power. B a.Westphalia b.Pyrenees c. Olivares d. Spanish Succession e. Versailles

6. In the reign of ___, a royal council was appointed to plan the construction of a canal linking the Tagus and Manzanares Rivers in Spain. E a. James II b. Charles IV c. Phillip II d. Fredrick I e. Phillip IV 7. In the brilliant novel__ _, Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes produced one of the great masterpieces of world literature. C a. Court at Versailles b. Dante's Inferno c. Don Quixote d. Treaty of Utrecht e. Peace of Westphalia 8. In the sixteenth century the Crown divided its New World territories into four _, or administrative divisions. A a.Viceroyalties b.Courts c.City-states d.Orders e.Armies 9. The viceroy presided over the _, a board of twelve to fifteen judges that serve as the highest judicial body. D a.House of Commons b.Intendants c. Nobles d. Audiencia e. Jesuits Pgs 539-540 Questions 1. What is the quinto? 2. What did the local officials called corregidores do? 3. ___ made possible the cultivation of coffee and cotton.__  4. What country led the world in the production of sugar in the eighteenth century? 5. Under monarchs, culture became an instrument of state power. 6. What 3 places were the baroque particularly popular in? 7. Who made the magnificent palace of Versailles the center of his kingdom? 8. Who established an academy to oversee French literature and language? 9. The _ style marked one of the high points in the history of western culture. 10. _ and _ played an important role in the early development of the baroque. 11. Who was the most outstanding and most representative of baroque painters? 12. Who was an organist and choirmaster of several Lutheran churches across Germany? 13. Where did the courts of Europe look to for cultural and political inspiration? Answers: 1. One-Fifth of all recipes metals mined in South America  2. Held judicial and military powers  3. Black slave labor  4. Brazil  5. Absolutist  6. Spain, Italy, and Central Europe  7. Louis XIV  8. Richelieu  9. Baroque  10. Rome and the revitalized Catholic Church  11. Peter Paul Rubens  12. Johann Sebastian Bach  13. France and the palace of Versailles Pg 545-546 questions
 * 1) What did William laud impose on the Church of Scotland in 1637?
 * 2) When did Charles I dissolve parliament?
 * 3) What is ship money?
 * 4) Parliament was called the _ from 1640 to 1660.
 * 5) What is the triennial act? What was Charles I army made of after he fled London to northern England?
 * 6) When was the English civil war?
 * 7) What was the new model army?
 * 8) What kind of government was formed after Charles I was beheaded?
 * 9) What is a protectorate?
 * 10) What was the constitution that was established by the army during Cromwell reign?

Pg 547-548 1) Cromwell did not view Irish Catholicism with light, so in 1649 his army crushed a rebellion at ___.__ __2) As a result of the civil wars,__ _ of the Irish population was killed. 3) What was the Navigation Act of 1651? 4) What race of people were reintroduced back into England because of their skill? 5) 1660 the restoration of the monarchy was reestablished by ___ (1660-1685).__ __6) What did the Test Act of 1673 ensure?__ __7) Who was the "Cabal."__ __8) Why did Charles II attempt to re Catholicize England?__ __9) Why was fear swept in England when James II came to power?__ __10)When James the II and his family fled to France, being arrested, who became the monarch under Protestantism?__ __A) Ferdinand and Isabella__ __B) Mary and William__ __C) Louis XIV__ __D) Maria Theresa__ __11) the replacing of monarchs without blood shed from 1688-1689 was called the_____.__ __12) John Locke wrote the__ to explain the need of civil governments. 13) what colony parallels to John Locke's democratic ideals?

Pages 561-562 - What contributed to the reemergence of serfdom in Eastern Europe other than economic issues? - Did the Kings oppose serfdom? What was their opinion of it? - What was the western concept of sovereignty? - Who, other than peasants, suffered under the approval of Kings? - What did the peace of Augsburg 1555 say? Which main religion was not part of the settlement? - What did the Catholics and Protestants form? - What event marked the beginning of the thirty years war? What were the four phases and what happened in each?

Page 566-567

Questions

1.) What war divided the kingdom of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Hababurgs?

2.) What did the Hungarian nobility effectively do, despite their reduced strength?

3.) Who was the undisputed family ruler in Germany?

4.) What did Rakoczy lead, was he sucessful?

5.) What does the Pragmatic Sanction state?

6.) What did the elector of Bradenburg have the right to do (before Frederick William)?

7.) How did Hungarian nobles stop the full development of Habsburg absolutism?

8.) What wasFrederick William also called

9.) How did the role of the elector of Bradenburg change after Frederick William?

10.) What city became the political and cultural center of the Hungarian empire

Page 566-567

Answers

1.) Battle of Mohács

2.)Hungarian nobles stopped the full development of Habsburg absolutism

3.) Hohenzollern family

4.) Rakoczy lead a Hungarian rebellion who were rebelling to win back the rights of religious freedom from the Habsburg crown, he was not successful but they did reach a compromise.

5.)The Pragmatic Sanction states that the Habsburg lands will never be broken up, even if it means a women coming to rule.

6.)help chooses the holy roman emperor

7.) they were huge in number and they had many revolts against the absolute rule

8.) the Great Elector

9.) he had actual military power, something that had never been associated with the elector before.

10.) Vienna


 * Pg 570-571**

1.) Frederick William was also known as ___.__ __2.) In 1640, the Great Elector was determined to unify and enlarge which three provinces?__ __3.) Even though these three provinces had their own estates, they were inhabited by__ __speakers.__ __4.) The estates of Brandenburg and Russia were dominated by the nobility and the landowning classes, known as the__ _. 5.) In 1660, Frederick William established the first permanent standing ___.__ __6.) How did Frederick William pay for his army?__ __7.) In 1688, how many people were in Frederick William's army? (Population - One Million)__ __8.) What two factors were the influence to the Great Elector's triumph?__ __9.) Why did the Great Elector's son, Frederick William I, receive the title "King of Prussia"?__ __10.) Frederick William I was also known as__ ___.__ __11.) Prussia was ruled by the__ ___ family.__ __12.) Under Frederick William I's rule, Prussia built the best army in Europe for its__ _ and transformed it into a model state. 13.) Frederick William I truly established Prussian __.__ __14.) How did Frederick William I portray his militaristic temperament?__ __15.) Frederick believed that the welfare of king and state depended on the__ _ above all else. 16.) To achieve his extraordinary demands, Frederick William eliminated the last traces of the ___ and local__ _-.
 * __QUESTIONS__**

__Page 572-573 Questions: __
 * 1) What was the effect on society from Frederick William I's rule?
 * 2) How did other rulers feel about the Ottomans?
 * 3) What were sources of strength for the Ottomans?
 * 4) What event helped keep the eastern Slavs from emerging from the Middle Ages weak and politically divided?
 * 5) Who unified the Mongols and what were the results?
 * 6) The Mongol Army was called _?
 * 7) How did the Mongol Army defeat their enemies?
 * 8) The period of time in which the Mongols ruled over the eastern slaves lasted for over ___ years and was called__ _?
 * 9) What was the capital and where was it built?
 * 10) What were rival Slavic Princes forced to do?
 * 11) How were rebellions handled?
 * 12) What is the title of their ruler?
 * 13) What was required to earn the title of "great prince"?
 * 14) Who consolidated power around Moscow and won Novgorod?

Study Guide Questions

Pgs. 576-577

1. After Charles XII defeated Denmark, he turned on _________. ​ A. Spain

​ B. Russia

​ C. Poland

​ D. Scotland

​ E. Netherlands

2. The __________ War lasted from 1700 to 1721.

3. Cossacks and peasants called for the "___________", who would restore their freedom of movement, reduce their heavy taxes, and lighten the yoke imposed by landlords.

4. Charles XIV of Sweden built a _________ in his capital, modeled after Louis XIV's Versailles.

5. Despite the country's small ___________ and limited __________ __________, Swedish rulers developed a strong absolutist state and excellent standing army in the seventeenth century.

6. Peter the Great was determined to do what?

7. Peter the Great required every nobleman to do what?

8. Name one of the three obstacles Russia faced in state-building.

9. What did the number of people who left the church do?

10. The Cossacks revolted once more under who?

11. Who did Russia gain a large mass of Ukraine from in 1667?

Study Guide Answers

1. B; Russia 2. Great Northern 3. "True tsar" 4. Beautiful palace 5. Population; agricultural resources 6. Build and improve the army 7. Serve in the army or in the civil administration 8. Huge size of territory, thinly spread population, or economic devastation wrought by the Time of Troubles. 9. Formed communities of "Old Believers" 10. Stenka Razin 11. Weak and decentralized Poland

Pages 582-584

Questions:


 * 1) What were the Christian Balkan states forced to give to the Ottomans every year?
 * 2) What was the core of the sultans army known as?
 * 3) In what year did Istanbul become the capital of the Ottoman Empire?
 * 4) Why was one way that the sultan prevented wives from bringing foreign influence into government, as often happened in Western Europe?
 * 5) What were some of the groups that revolted against the Ottoman Empire during the 1580's and the 1590's?
 * 6) In 1683, the Ottomans made one final attack on the Habsburgs in which city?
 * 7) Which treaty ended the conflict between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs?
 * 8) In Muslim culture, what is a harem?
 * 9) Which concubine was given the nickname "joyful one?" Suleiman later married her.
 * 10) What did the Ottoman Empire recognize Christians and Jews as?
 * 11) The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities, known as what?
 * 12) What were some of the responsibilities and abilities of the leaders of each religious nation in the Ottoman Empire?
 * 13) What were some of the nationalities of the traders who moved freely between the Ottoman Empire and Europe?
 * 14) Despite its religious diversity, the Ottoman Empire was predominantly what religion?
 * 15) What is a caliph?
 * 16) Due to his successes in reforming the legal system, what title was Suleiman given?

Answers Example: Page: 523 - 524, Seventeenth-Century Crisis and Rebuilding. 1. Age of Crisis 2. Religious divides, increased pressures exerted by governments (taxes, laws) and the violence and dislocation of war.

Pg 545-546 Answers
 * 1) A new prayer book modeled on the Anglican book of common prater and bishoprics.
 * 2) 1629 through 1640
 * 3) Ship money was a tax to pay for the cost of ships for defense. Costal districts were forced to pay.
 * 4) Long parliament
 * 5) The triennial act said that the king had to call parliament into session every three years.
 * 6) His army was made of. Nobility, the nobles cavalry staff, rural gentry, and mercenaries.
 * 7) 1642-1649
 * 8) The new model army was the army under parliament for the English civil war. It was under the leadership of Thomas fair fax and Oliver Cromwell.
 * 9) A commonwealth or republican government.
 * 10) The protectorate was the rule of Oliver Cromwell from 1653-1658 which was a military dictatorship.
 * 11) It was called the instrument of government.

Pg 547-548 Answers 1) Drogheda 2) 1/3 3) Act under Cromwell that stated English goods be transported on English ships; favored mercantilism. 4) The Jews. 5) Charles II 6) It ensured that any who refused the Eucharist could not vote, hold offices, preach, teach, attend university, or even hold meetings. 7) Five men office of Charles II; Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley-Cooper, and Lauderdale. 8) His cousin Louis XIV of France, paid him annually to do so, since parliament would not give the king adequate income. 9) He, and the Edict of Nantes of France, went against the Test Act and allowed Catholics positions in schools or military. 10) B, Mary and William. 11)Glorious revolution 12)Second treatise of civil government (1690) 13)The American colonies.

- What contributed to the reemergence of seferdom in Eastern Europe other than economic issues? - Did the Kings oppose serfdom? What was their opinion of it? - What was the western concept of sovereignty? - Who, other than peasants, suffered under the approval of Kings? - What did the peace of Augsburg 1555 say? - What did the Catholics and Protestants form? - What event marked the beginning of the thirty years war? - What were the four phases and what happened in each?
 * The political rather than economical factors were crucial since eastern lords enjoyed great power. Weak eastern Kings were forced to grant nobility political favors as well as the Kings lessening power made them equal to their nobility.
 * No, the Kings were in favor of the growth of serfdom because they wanted to squeeze as much labor out of the peasants as possible.
 * A king should protect the interests of his people, no matter what class.
 * Landlords would abuse their power by overworking those in their villages and then directly sell products to foreigners instead of local merchants. People no longer had much freedom and were forced to return runaways to their lords. Urban middle class importance greatly fell.
 * The faith of the prince determined the faith of his subjects. Calvinists were not included only Lutherans and Catholics.
 * The Catholic League and Protestant Union
 * Defenestration of Prague
 * Bohemian- catholic league lead by Ferdinand vs Protestant Union lead by Frederick the elector. Ended in Bohemia being catholic
 * Danish- Protestant king Christian IV of Denmark vs catholic army under Wallenstein. Catholic and Lutheran practice
 * Swedish- Lutheran vs catholic. Lutheran
 * French- Protestant vs catholic.


 * __ANSWERS 570-571__**

1.) The Great Elector 2.) Brandendurg, Prussia, and some of the scattered holdings along the Rhine. 3.) German 4.) Junkers 5.) Army 6.) Frederick William forced the estates to accept the introduction of permanent taxation without consent. 7.) Thirty Thousand 8.) First, being successful in war and second, the nobility willing to pay accept his new claims. 9.) He received the title as a reward for aiding the Holy Roman Empire in the War of Soanish Succession. 10.) The Soldier's King 11.) The Hohenzollern Family 12.) Size; Military 13.) Absolutism 14.) He always wore an army uniform, he began his work at five or six in this morning, and at ten he always went to train and inspect his troops. 15.) Army 16.) Parliamentary Estates; Self Government

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Page 572-573 Questions: __ > 582-584 Answers:
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Civil society became rigid and highly disciplined. Prussia became the "Sparta of the North".
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Ottoman sultans were seen as cruel and tyrannical despots.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Flexibility and openness to other ideas and practices were sources of strength for the Ottomans.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Mongol conquest of Kievan principality saved eastern Slavs from emerging from the Middle Ages weak and politically divided.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Chinggis Khan unified the Mongols in the thirteenth century and as a result, they subdued China in five years.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Golden Horde
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Mongol army used terror to reduce its enemies into submissions. The army would slaughter the whole city population, then burn it to the ground.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">200; Mongol Yoke
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The capital was Saray and it was built on the lower Volga.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Rival Slavic Princes were forced to submit to the rule of the Mongols and give them tribute and slaves.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Rebellions were handled with ruthless violence to reimpose control.
 * 12) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The title of the ruler was khan.
 * 13) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Serving and paying the khan the best would earn the title of "great prince". Their duties included quelling rebellions and collecting the khan's taxes.
 * 14) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Ivan III consolidated power around Moscow and won Novgorod.
 * 1) Between one and three thousand Christian young men to be used as slaves.
 * 2) The Janissary Corps
 * 3) 1453
 * 4) He had children only with his concubines and not with his official wives.
 * 5) Frustrated students, underpaid janissaries, and ambitious governors all revolted against the Ottoman Empire.
 * 6) Vienna
 * 7) The treaty of Passarowitz
 * 8) A sacred place, one that is forbidden to outsiders
 * 9) Hurrem
 * 10) "The peoples of the Book"
 * 11) Millets
 * 12) The leaders of the millets were able to collect taxes, regulate group behavior, as well as maintain courts, schools, and synagogues.
 * 13) Armenian, Greek, and Jewish merchants were able to move easily between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. The Armenians were primarily silk merchants, the Greeks were mostly Mariners and shipowners, and the Jews were predominantly textile manufacturers and financiers.
 * 14) Islam
 * 15) A caliph is a guide for the community of all Muslims, the sultan claimed to be the caliph.
 * 16) "The lawgiver"