Scientific+Revolution+and+Enlightenment+Study+Guide

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Study Guide:

Questions -

589-590

Questions:

1. Those philosophers leading the scientific changes of the seventeenth century considered their study to be what?

2. The new 17th century "science" was the search for precise knowledge based on the union of experimental observations and what else?

3. In the 18th century, philosophers extended the use of __from nature to human society.__

__4. What movement created the concepts of human rights, equality, progress, universalism, and tolerance that still guide Western societies today?__

__5. Critics against the scientific movement and Enlightenment viewed that the use of reason can lead to__ ___ and__ __.__

__6. Of all great civilizations, only the__ _ civilization developed modern science.

7. Developments in which two areas were the heart of the scientific revolution?

8. In the early 1500's, supernatural questions were in scientific speculations.

9. Which philosopher's ideas were the basis of natural philosophy in the early 1500's?

10. What was the revised Aristotelian view used in the early 16th century?

11. Which views dominated thinking about physics and motion on Earth in the early 1500's?

Questions 593-594
 * 1) What is stated in the law of inertia?
 * 2) T/F: Galileo found 6 moons orbiting Jupiter.
 * 3) Galileo was tried for by the papal Inquisition.
 * 4) Whose ideas was Galileo forced to renounce by the church?
 * 5) What was Isaac Newtons book //Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy// more generally known as
 * 6) What is stated in the law of universal gravitation?
 * 7) The general theory of inductive reasoning is know as?

Pages 596-597 __Questions: __  A. France  B. England  C. Italy  D. Poland 10. What did women usually become involved with in science?
 * 1) Descartes is known for his use of __.__
 * 2) Inductive experimentalism was first used by __.__
 * 3) Why did the Catholic Church go against scientific theories and progress?
 * 4) Which religious authorities opposed the Copernican system?
 * 5) Who had a big influence on making science apart of life during Oliver Cromwell's rule?
 * 6) What are the three main consequences of science's growing popularity?
 * 7) What is the scientific method?
 * 8) Why had the scientific community raised barriers against women being evolved in science?
 * 9) Which country offered academic posts to women for science?

Questions 598-599 1. What is rationalism? 2. What novel(s) was written by Bernard de Fontanelle? 3. What was Fontanelle skeptical/syndical about? 4. What are the three center concepts of the enlightenment? 5. What was Fontanelles concept of progress? 6. Why was the thirty years war faught? 7. What famous French skeptic was both a professor and a journalist who wrote about intellectual freedom? 8. What did Catholics and Protestants believe regarding religious truth? 9. What did Louis XIV's banning of the Huguenots lead to? 10. What is skepticism?

Study Guide Questions Pages 604-606 3. What were salons used for? 4. Who owns salons? 5. What style did women bring to aristocratic taste? 6. Who was one of the most famous saloni<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif';">è res of this time period?
 * 1) What was one of the greatest effects of the illegal book trade in France?
 * 2) Spread the news about new clothing styles.
 * 3) Spread bad news of high political figures. Answer
 * 4) Spread private news about what France was planning to build.
 * 5) Spread news of new scientific discoveries.
 * 6) What was the main effect of the reading revolution?
 * 7) More people wanted to become authors.
 * 8) Books were getting taken off the //Index of Forbidden Books.//
 * 9) Created a way of reading where people read freely and at their own pace. Answer
 * 10) Books were translated into more languages so more people could read them.
 * 1) For men and women to hold social gatherings. Answer
 * 2) For people to go get hair cuts.
 * 3) For women to share gifts and presents.
 * 4) To get food and drinks.
 * 1) The ruler of the country they're in.
 * 2) Elite women Answer
 * 3) Peasants
 * 4) Nobles
 * 1) Feminism
 * 2) Dark and gloomy
 * 3) Bright and vibrant
 * 4) Rococo Answer
 * 1) Madame Geoffrin Answer
 * 2) Madame de Tencin
 * 3) Madame du Ch<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif';">â telet
 * 4) Madame Ad<span style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS','sans-serif';">è le

1. __Where was Jean-Jacques Rousseau born?__ A: Paris B: London C: Rome D: Geneva

2. __Whose Ideas influenced the early romantic movement?__ A: Rousseau B: Diderot C: Rousseau D: Voltaire

__3. According to Rousseau, what is the //general will//?__ A: Sacred and absolute B: Cool and worthy C: Unnecessary D: A major component of the enlightenment

4. __Who does //general will// apply to?__ A: Communists and Socialists B: Constitutionalists and Parliamentarians C: Kings and Rulers D: Democrats and Nationalists

5. __What is the "motto" of the enlightenment?__ A: "Knowledge is life" B: "You only live once so learn" C: "Have the courage to use your understanding" D: "Do what you must to obtain the truth"

6. __What did Kant insist that individuals do?__ A: Obtain knowledge B: Become rebels C: Obey laws D: Read books

7. During the scientific revolution and enlightenment there was a "turning point in the __European ideas on..."__ A: Gender B: Race C: Life D: Classes

8. What provided legitimacy to findings? A: Scientific Method B: Both A and D C: Logic D: Neutral rational thinking

9. Why did they think that we all came from "one species that developed into distinct __races"?__ A: Climatic Changes B: Disease C: Original creation of God D: Swagg

Pages 609-610: 1) Frederick William II was known as A) Frederick above all B) Frederick the Amazing C) Frederick the Great D) none of the above

2) What did "On the the Different Races of Man" portray? A) Hume's views about race B) that there were four human races C) each human race was derived from an original race of "white brunette" people D) all of the above

3) Who was the most influential of the new style monarchs? A) Prussia and Russia B) Russia and Austria C) France, Russia, and Austria D) Prussia, Russia, and Austria

4) Frederick II invaded who?

5) Who was Maria Theresa's father? A) Frederick I B) Charles V C) Charles VI D) Frederick II

6) Frederick II A) approved the enlightenment of his country B) did not allow the enlightenment C) wasn't bothered by that subject

7) What happened after the Seven Years' War? A) Frederick lost interest in reconstructing his land B) Frederick's government promoted reconstruction of agriculture and industry C) Began to set a bad example to his people by the way he lived

8) what did Frederick claim?

9) what did Moses Mendelssohn do?

10) who was Catherine the Great of Russia?

Pages 612-613 Questions: 1. To be able to pick his own successor and protect and ensure the longevity of the policies, _ got rid of the hereditary succession of tsars. 2. What German princess plotted against and murdered her husband to gain the crown? Who was the husband? 3.After her husband died, Catherine set out to accomplish three goals. The first was to continue the work of her husband to bring the western European culture to Russia, her second goal was domestic reform, and the third goal was___.__ __4. To bring western European culture to Russia, Catherine imported Western architects, sculptors, musicians, and__ ___. 5. Because better laws were a major concern, Catherine appointed who/what to prepare a new law code? 6. Where were two talented rulers able to reform? 7. What family were these rulers from? 8. Who was the “revolutionary emperor” and what did they do? 9. Pugachev proclaimed himself the “true tsar” what did he do? 10. What did expansion help Catherine do?

Study Guide Questions (Page: 614-616)
 * 1) After the War of Austrian Succession in 1748, there was a great loss of what country?
 * 2) What were the different efforts that Maria Theresa and her closest minsters did to make the star stronger?
 * 3) What did Joseph II grant and to who did he grant this too?
 * 4) What did Joseph II abolish in 1781?
 * 5) In 1789 Joseph II decreed for something to happen for the peasants?
 * 6) What did Leopold II do after the death of his brother?
 * 7) What did all the absolutist want the reforms to do?
 * 8) What was so great about sharing Enlightenment faith to the absolutist?
 * 9) What did Catherine the Great do?
 * 10) What did Frederick the Great do?
 * 11) What did Joseph II do?
 * 12) What did the eastern European absolutist do?

=Answers-=

Answers: Pages 589-590:

1. Natural Philosophy

2. Mathematics

3. Reason

4. The Enlightenment

5. Arrogance and Intolerance

6. Western

7. Astronomy and physics

8. Incorporated

9. Aristotle

10. Motionless Earth at the center of the universe, with 10 transparent crystal spheres that moved around it, which contained the planets and stars.

11. Aristotelian

Answers 593-594
 * 1) Rest was not the natural state of objects. Rather, an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force
 * 2) False- Galileo found 4 moons orbiting Jupiter
 * 3) Heresy
 * 4) Copernicus
 * 5) //Principia//
 * 6) Every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship, whereby the force of attraction is proportional to the quantity of matter of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
 * 7) Empirically

Answers pages 596-597: __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Answers: __
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Deductive Reasoning
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Francis Bacon
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Scientific theories had gone against the Catholic Church's teachings.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Francis Bacon and his followers.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Increased competition, government intervention, and new knowledge along with new ways to obtain knowledge.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Way to obtain knowledge using inductive and deductive reasoning.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The increased popularity of science didn't allow women to participate because women were not accepted into the new academics to achieve scientific credentials.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">C. Italy
 * 10) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Women were often involved with making wax anatomical models, botanical and zoological illustrators, also informal scientific communities, attending salons, participating in experiments, and writing learned treatises.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Answers 598-599: > > Pages 607-608 __1. ANSWER:__ **Geneva (D)** __ 2. ANSWER: __ **Rousseau (A)** __ 3. ANSWER: __ **Sacred and absolute (A)** __ 4. ANSWER: __ **Democrats and Nationalists (D)** __ 5. ANSWER: __ **"Have the courage to use your understanding" (C)** __ 6. ANSWER: __ **Obey laws (C)** __ 7. ANSWER: __ **Race (B)** __ 8. ANSWER __: **Scientific Method and "Neutral rational thinking" (B)** __ 9. ANSWER: __ **Climatic Changes (A)**
 * 1) A secular and critical way of thinking
 * 2) Conversations on the plurality of worlds and eulogies of scientists
 * 3) Absolute truth and claims of organized religion
 * 4) Methods of natural science could/should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life; the scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of human society and nature; It was possible for human beings to create better societies and people.
 * 5) Intellectual progress was possible
 * 6) Religious freedom was an intolerable idea in Europe.
 * 7) Pierre Bayle
 * 8) It was absolute and worth fighting and dying for.
 * 9) People questioned whether ideological conformity in religious matters was really necessary.
 * 10) The doubt of the truth of something.

Answers: Pages 609-610: 1.C, 2.D, 3.D, 4. German Province of Silesia, 5.C, 6.A, 7.B, 8. That he was only the first servant of the state", 9. Urged the Jews to be given freedom and civil rights, 10. A german princess from Anhalt-Zerbst

Answers pages 612-613 1. Peter the great 2. Catherine of Germany, and the great nephew of Peter the Great, peter. 3. territorial expansion 4. intellectuals 5. special legislative commission 6. Austria 7. Habsburg 8. Joseph II, his reforms were undone by the landowning nobility that he challenged. 9. He issued decrees abolishing serfdom, taxes, and army service. 10. Keep the nobility happy

Answers pages 614-616
 * 1) The country that was lost was Silesia.
 * 2) First, Maria Theresa introduced measures aimed at limiting the papacy's political influence in her realm. Second, whole series of administrative reforms strengthened the central bureaucracy, revamped the tax system which meant taxing everyone including the nobles. Third, they tried to improve the lot of agricultural population five cautiously reducing the power awards over the heredity serf and their partially free peasant tenants.
 * 3) Joseph II granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews.
 * 4) Joseph II abolished serfdom in 1781.
 * 5) Joseph II decreed that all peasant labor obligations be converted into cash payments.
 * 6) Leopold II cancelled all of Joseph II's radical edicts to "re-establish" everything in order.
 * 7) They wanted reforms that would strengthen the state and allow them to compete military with their neighbors.
 * 8) Sharing the the enlightenment faith in critical thinking and believe that knowledge meant power, this allowed the absolutist to reform in a new, broader perspective.
 * 9) She took measures that worsened the peasants conditions to increase her nobility's strength and power.
 * 10) Frederick the Great favored the status quo, limiting only the counterproductive excesses of his trusted nobility against the peasants.
 * 11) Joseph's pan was to be strengthen his realm, and acted accordingly.
 * 12) They combined old fashioned state building with critical thinking and culture of enlightenment. They perfected bureaucratic machines that were to prove adaptive and capable 20th century.